Charles Dickens & Oliver Twist Essay

Oliver is mistreated by the Sowerberrys and after having a fight with Noah Claypole he runs away to the dangerous place London, no place for young orphans like Oliver. It was a dangerous place because young orphans had no chance of surviving in the large city. A lot of intoxicated men and drug addicts were out in the open lose to do as they pleased, Oliver could have also got molested. On one of Jack Dawkins travels also known as the Artful Doger an employee of Fagin he caught his eye on Oliver. He takes Oliver to meet one of the worst characters Fagin. Fagin takes in children who are homeless and trains them to pick pocket for him in his den which has other young children living there including the Artful Doger. The Dodgers description is that â€Å"he had about him all the airs and manners of a man† this suggests that he was not allowed to be a child. He has had to grow up fast, because of what has happened to him in his life. He has been on the streets and had to learn how to survive, which has led to him becoming one of Fagin’s boys and making money from other peoples possessions. Fagin is a: criminal and corrupter of young children he teaches them to pick pock for him. The two main corrupt characters in the novel â€Å"Oliver Twist† are Fagin and Bill Sykes. Fagin’s Den isn’t a very clean place and with the area his den is based in, has a lot of thieves and prostitutes roaming around in. This is not a place for young boys it has sick, twisted minded people like Fagin who is a prime example. He corrupts young children and shows them that stealing possessions from others isn’t a crime. Fagin shows Oliver some tricks he uses to make money. Jack and another of Fagin’s boys demonstrates to Oliver how the job is done, they pretend to steal a handkerchief and spectacle case from Fagin’s pocket without him noticing. Fagin tells Oliver to, ‘Make ’em your models. ‘ Fagin wants Oliver to be just like the other boys he asks Oliver â€Å"You’d like to be able to make pocket-handkerchiefs as easy as Charley Bates, wouldn’t you, my dear? Not knowing the true meaning of what has been showed to him Oliver replies â€Å"very much indeed, if you’ll teach me sir† Dickens shows us the readers how innocent Oliver was and how corrupt he was too. Fagin tells Oliver his boys must be Oliver’s role models. Bill Sikes is introduced to Oliver and Oliver is sent to do a job with him. Oliver gets caught when trying to break in the house his then shoot and Bill leaves Oliver alone to defend for himself. This is not fair Oliver shouldn’t be treated like this for other peoples needs his treated like a slave. Bill Sikes is corrupt because he takes children to do his jobs for him; he uses and abuses them just like Nancy the prostitute. This is unfair because Oliver is being pushed about and should be treated with respect. Bill isn’t a committed person towards the boys, his selfish, and inconsiderate he was only out for himself. Bill is a violent man and a murderer he has no feelings for anyone. Oliver doesn’t become corrupted because he realizes what Fagin is doing is wrong and causes people to suffer have unbearable feelings. Corruption can happen to anyone especially if you’re young and naive. We learn in this book how unfair and corrupt the society was through Oliver because a young boy was submitted to torture and pain. Corruption is an evil and devious thing that causes abhorrence and misery. England showed this by vital laws being brought in the society, to make people aware of what they were doing was it right or wrong. People were treated as prisoners and they were prohibited to have healthy food and have a spectacular life. If they were filled with self-esteem they would want to carry on, be determined in life and enjoy it; in today’s society they would be very appreciative.

Broken Windows and Victimology

The spinsterhood where you do not want to get out of the car. Are people more likely to be a victim of crime in these neighborhoods? The spatial syntax theory supports the idea that you are more likely to be a victim of a crime in certain areas (Nubian, 2006), and the broken window theory of crime volitionally supports the Idea that people are more likely to commit crimes If they think no one cares. Small crimes can lead to bigger crimes in areas where people are used to disorder and a lack of consequences for the smaller crimes (Keeling & Wilson, 1982).The broken window theory was introduced in a 1982 article titled broken windows by James Q. Wilson and George L. Keeling. In the article they discuss psychologist Philip Sombrero's experiment with an abandoned car. The experiment was done to show how even good people that usually do not commit crimes will commit a crime under certain circumstances (Keeling & Wilson, 1982). Zanzibar did many experiments that involved elements of good p eople doing evil things. He may be best known for his Stanford prison experiment, where he wanted to explore situational variables on human behavior.The prison experiment remains one of the most well-known psychological experiments (Rubberiest, 2013). Zanzibar served as the president of the American Psychiatric Association in 2002. My great respect for Summarizes work got me Interested In the broken window theory. The broken window experiment showed how even in a nice neighborhood where people would not usually commit crimes they did vandalize and damage the abandoned car after Zanzibar broke the window on the car. The experiment set the stage for the broken window theory.According to the broken window theory crime will be more prevalent in areas that are run down and uncared for. If a building has one broken window that has not been fixed it gives the impression that no one cares enough to fix the window. When people think that no one cares they will break more windows in the build ing Just for fun. As the neighborhood deteriorates and gets more vandalism the more crimes will be committed in that area. According to Keeling and Winslow community deterioration and crime are inextricably linked (Keeling & Wilson, 1982).New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani was motivated by the broken window theory to clean up New York. Together with the chief of police Willie Britton they took a very strict stance on graffiti, pan handling, prostitution, and other petty crimes. They proved that by cleaning up the neighborhoods and taking care of the petty crimes it had a big effect on the bigger crimes as well. There were 2,801 murders were committed 1994 the year that Giuliani took office and by 2003 the murder rate was down to 537, the lowest murder rate since 1963 (Adams, 2006).Another study done by a college student on the broken window theory in 2011 also produced positive results (US Fed News Service, Including US State News, 2011). The student cleaned up neighborhoods near campus t o decrease the crime rate and to test out the validity of he broken window theory. The work that she did had a positive impact on the residents of the areas that she cleaned up. Opposition to the broken window theory state that there is no real evidence to prove that this theory is valid.A main point that they make is that the lack of crime in the areas that have been cleaned up and have been policed more regularly may be due to other things and not Just the policing and upkeep of the neighborhood. While the opposing people do recognize there is a 4 correlation between the areas that have had increased policing and more upkeep ND the reduction in crime, they are quick to point out that correlation does not indicate causation (Miller, 2001). The main weakness in the broken window theory is that it is very difficult to prove the theory.I think that the opposing side of the broken window theory is not very strong. Much of the criticism takes the theory too literally expecting that Just fixing the windows and graffiti will stop murder. However, the theory is more about how once an area starts to deteriorate with petty crimes it can quickly turn into an area where more serious crimes are committed. Once law abiding citizens' start feeling unsafe in an area they leave the area and while the area is becoming less populated by law abiding citizens it will gradually become more populated by criminals.Anyone can be a victim of crime however, there are things that people can sometimes do that can increase the chances that they will be unable to fix it and leave it parked in the parking lot with the broken window it could increase the chances of someone trying to steal the radio out of the car. I experienced factorization of property crime on two occasions in my life and looking ace on it after learning about the broken window theory I now see that there were things I could have done to decrease my chances of being a victim.The first time I was a victim of property crime I had left my car parked in my work parking lot for two weeks while I was waiting to get the car repaired. It had engine trouble and I thought it would be k to leave it in the parking lot. The car sat there for weeks before someone broke the window and tried to steal the radio. The second time I was a victim of property crime I had moved into an apartment complex in a city I had lived n for years. I Just moved a few blocks over from where I had been living so I thought that it was obviously a good neighborhood and I did not even look for any signs of trouble.I was 5 used to living in the surrounding neighborhoods with homeowners who took good care of their property however, the apartment complex was different people did not take care of their property left broken down cars in the parking lot many of the cars were damaged with busted windows and accident damage to them. I did not pay attention to the cars or the parking lot when I decided to move in. Within weeks of moving into the a partment my car was vandalized and my daughter's bike was stolen off of the back patio.I believe that the broken window theory does explain the amount of property damage and vandalism of that apartment complex that I lived in. To remain safe and not continue to be a victim of crime I moved out of that neighborhood. People in general want to be safe and not become victims of crime if I had understood the theory of spatial syntax and the broken window theory at the time I moved into that neighborhood I would probably paid more attention to certain details and avoided the situation by choosing a different apartment complex.I am not different in the way that I moved to get away from crime many people alter their lifestyle as a result of fear of crime. Many people now live in gated communities (Nubian, 2006). People often feel safer in gated communities and in areas where they feel that people care more about their property. When people feel safer they are more present in the streets and therefore criminals would be less likely to be active in these areas. There are areas that are not kept up where the sense of community is rower that crime is more prevalent in.I can see the broken window theory active in society because of this. People who live or spend a lot of time in these areas are more likely to be victims of crime. I support the broken window theory and believe that communities should be more involved in the condition of their neighborhoods and that would reduce the crime rate. When people do not take care of their property they are more likely to become a victim of crime. In that same manner of thinking 6 overlooked or go unpunished that can lead to bigger more violent crimes.

Capital Budgeting Process and Decision

For any company, success is determined by capital budgeting decisions. This is one of the decisive factors for the failure or success of a company. Financial managers are tasked with perhaps some of the most important decisions that affect the business (Capital Budgeting Valuation, 2013). However, it is important to note that there are several factors that combine to make decisions in capital budgeting these decisions continue for a number of years, thus, the decision makers or the managers are part of this flexible process. Since capital assets must be used when needed, then this makes opportunity a very important consideration in the capital budget. Capital budgeting process is important because expansion of assets implies very large expenditure.   Before a company uses a very large amount of money on a project the managers should ensure that the company has sufficient available funds to finance the entire project. Two examples of capital budget decisions (Donovan, 2006). Information required within the firm may vary in accordance to the level of organizational structure.   Senior executives or CEOs decisions are structured less in the sense that there are no situations that are repetitive and subsequently no single solution can be applied; On the other hand, evaluation and assessment criteria and points of view should be known for each situation where the data is accurate and must come from subjective and external in uncertain and risky environments. Since it is not possible to determine and control all the variables or factors that affect a situation, it is that models are sought to represent reality for their analysis in the hope that those decisions made are satisfactory and not optimal decisions within the context of rationality of who They must make decisions (Kalyebara, & Islam, n.d.) . Specific and concrete at each level to the lowest levels. The information required in all these decisions represents the point of departure for carrying out a ctions that will ultimately affect the performance of the organization Capital Structure of the Company The optimal capital structure is that for which the cost of capital is minimal: if the company is financed with this debt / equity ratio, the market value of the company will be maximum. Optimal financing structure e = Debt / Own Resources in practice is difficult to determine. Generally speaking, financing projects whose economic profitability exceeds the cost of the project itself will increase the shareholder's profitability in that difference (depending on the margin between the investment return and the cost of the debt). : It is necessary to see the project independently of the rest of the projects of the company. This approach, however, considers only the explicit cost of debt, that is to say, the derivative of comparing the revenues and disbursements originated by indebtedness. There are other costs apart from the explicit so that it diminishes the profitability of that project or even that it is negative. But the ability to borrow is not unlimited because if we borrow now, we will have to opt for more expensive debt or own financing in the future (Rasmussen, 2003).   Therefore, the debt has an implicit cost: to finance itself today with debt, may mean having to give it up in the future. This is related to the formulation of the capital budget according to which the financing of a project has to be studied within the framework of the general and future situation of the company. That is why we speak of the weighted average cost of capital at the time of comparing with the profitability of a project: the project has to be taken into account as integrated into the company and not in isolation. You have to collect all the debts of the company and find the weighted average cost to match. Capital Budget is a tool used to carry out certain cost planning processes for companies, families, businesses, among others, which would produce certain economic benefits with terms stipulated within a year. The capital budget can also be defined as a valued list of projects which may be feasible for the acquisition of new economic benefits, that is to say, for example, when a company makes a capital investment it incurs the current cash outflow and this Expected future benefits, the benefits usually extend for more than a year (Vogt, 2004). Within the Capital budget we can find the following advantages: It supports the development of the procedure and / or purpose.   It promotes interaction, communication and help between the areas of the company. They give common sense when making investment proposals. They serve to evaluate and choose a referential point of view. Within the capital budget we can also find the following disadvantages: It does not recognize the value of money over time. Your money recovery process is much slower than agreed. The way the parameter is set against which the recovery period of each project is compared to arrive at a decision (Shah, 2007).The fact that this method has these disadvantages does not mean that one should avoid its use in any circumstance that requires it, this means that they must be taken into account in order to make the best decision. The budget brings a number of advantages to the organization, being a planning tool. They include; The working capital of a company is what allows it to develop its social object, and of the administration that is made of it, it depends that the company grows at a greater or lesser speed, or in the worst case, that its assets are diminished or it leads to the definitive bankruptcy of the company(Nice, 2002). In such a way that the working capital is the basis on which the operation of a company is supported, which is why the importance of its administration will be exposed in this essay, the decisive and definitive one that can be in a business to manage and Budget correctly. Most capital budget studies focus on the problems of calculation, analysis and interpretation of risk. One of the most important tasks in preparing a capital budget is to estimate the future cash flows for a project. The forecasts for these are based on estimates of incremental revenues and costs associated with the project (Hornstein, & Yeung, 2005). In each investment proposal it is necessary to provide information on the expected future cash flows after taxes. For example, if a company is considering launching a new product that will compete with existing ones, it is not appropriate to express their cash flows based on their estimated sales. It is necessary to take into account the possible "affectation" of existing products; therefore, the estimation of cash flows should be made based on incremental sales. The key is to analyze the situation with the new investment and without it.The most important are incremental cash flows(Nice, 2002). The "sunk" costs should be omitted, the focus is on incremental costs and benefits; the recovery of past costs is of no importance to the project.. It is also important to note that certain costs do not necessarily mean a disbursement of money; it will be necessary to include the opportunity cost in the valuation of the project. The most important application of the cost of capital is the capital budget, in addition to serving to determine the decision or to buy or lease, for the repayment of bonds and in decisions to use debts or stockholders' equity. It is possible to fully fund a company with equity funds, which must be equal to the required return on the stockholders' equity of the company, and must consider their cost of capital from various sources of long-term funds (preferred shares or debt In the long term) and not only the stockholders' equity of the company.. The weighted average cost of capital is calculated as a compound value, made up of the various types of funds you will use, regardless of the specific financing for a project. Capital components are the type of capital companies use to raise funds (debts, preferred shares and common stockholders' equity), any increase in assets is reflected in any of these capital components. The cost of post-tax debt is the interest rate on new debt and is used to calculate the weighted average cost of capital (Baker, & English, 2011). Costs components of debt after tax = interest rate - tax savings (interest is deductible), is used because the value of the shares depends on the cash flows after tax. The component cost of preferred shares is also used to calculate the weighted average cost of capital; it is the rate of return that investors require and is equal to dividing the preferred dividend. Baker, H., & English, P. (2011).  Capital Budgeting Valuation  (1st ed.). Somerset: Wiley. Bierman, H., & Smidt, S. (2007).  The capital budgeting decision  (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. Blackstone, William, and Edward Christian.  Commentaries On The Laws Of England. [Place of publication not identified]: [Nabu Press], 2010. Print. Capital Budgeting Valuation. (2013) (1st ed.). Hoboken, N.J. Donovan, S. (2006).  Budgeting  (1st ed.). Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co. Hornstein, A., & Yeung, B. (2005).  Essays on the corporate capital budgeting decisions of multinational enterprises  (1st ed.). Jacobs, Davina F.  A Review Of Capital Budgeting Practices. Washington: International Monetary Fund, 2008. Print. Kalyebara, B., & Islam, S.  Corporate Governance, Capital Markets, and Capital Budgeting  (1st ed.). Nice, D. (2002).  Public budgeting  (1st ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning. Rasmussen, N. (2003).  Process improvement for effective budgeting and financial reporting  (1st ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Shah, A. (2007).  Local budgeting  (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Vogt, A. (2004).  Capital budgeting and finance  (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: International City/County Management Association.

Personal Response Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Response Journal - Essay Example I was aware and forewarned about this that I planned strategies and developed ways to, if not control, guide the students towards more positive outcomes in school. So instead of getting affected with all the instigations, I dwelt on the more important things, like preparing to make my classes more interesting so the students' attention and energy would focus more on the fun and enjoyment of their woodwork activities. Aside from handling woodwork classes in grades 10 and 7, I handled classes of grades 4 and 5. Teaching younger students is quite a new experience for me since I have always handled higher grade students. I did some innovations particularly on the tools to be used and the projects that would suit their age. I did not expect though that I had to do more than the usual preparations and adjustments because younger kids would behave unpredictably in class. I was quite uncomfortable during the first week. On the orientation on the basic hand tools, I found myself rushing to some students who were quite reckless in the handling of the tools. I realized that safety had to be given a lot of stress when teaching younger students. Safety is a major concern in teaching woodwork. The young students were a big challenge, unexpectedly. I was glad and lucky enough that the sessions ended without encountering major problems and accidents. Because of this, I intended to re-do some parts of my orientation in the following week and program myself to be able to closely supervise each student and their ability to cope with the instructions. There had to be a lot of value inputs in these sessions, particularly on the consequences of reckless behaviour. I would show pictures of children with cut fingernails or wounds caused by poor practice of safety in the workshops. The visual experience would be needed so the value of safety would stick in their system. This stage of development of children, particularly those aging 10 and 11 is very critical. Jean Piaget's development theory did stress that children, particularly this group, would have difficulty understanding abstract ideas. I realized that it was really important to support my teaching with sufficient visual aids and more examples, demonstrations and illustrations so that the students will clearly understand, more particularly when discussing the safety issues of woodworking. Recognising the importance of safety in my woodworking classes, I decided to conduct a safety test on the tools and machines that will be used in the projects, hand tools for all and for the 7th and 10 graders, they will be able to progress to the power tools only if they pass the test. The school had the tools available like jointer, table saw, planer and cut-off saw for precision and miters, band saw, sanders, routers, drills and finishing equipment. As the sessions introduce the tools and equipment, the students are given the test. The strategy for this safety test is to determine the students who are responsible enough to practice safety applying the tips that will be included in the briefings. The students who will not pass will have to retake the tests until such time they will pass and they will not be permitted to the next level workshop activities. Holistic Approach My objectives in teaching woodworking were not only geared towards the development of

Internship report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Internship report - Essay Example It shall present first an overview of the organization where the internship was conducted. A breakdown of the 200 hours shall then be presented in terms of the work conducted, the number of hours worked per week, duties and responsibilities, additional skills or knowledge involved, and how beneficial the internship experience was in my professional development. Finally, this paper shall also present the relationship of the internship experience to the MS-HCA program. This paper is being conducted in order to present a summary and an assessment of my internship experience. The goal of this paper is also to provide a clear and comprehensive picture of the internship program in terms of leadership qualities and its application in actual practice. VITAS Innovative Hospice Care is a center specializing in hospice care or palliative care. It was first established in 1978 and is now considered one of the leading hospice centers in the country. Their mission or overall goal is to maintain the quality of life of those who do not have much time to live (VITAS, n.d). This center provides adult and pediatric services covering a wide range of chronic care illnesses including (but not limited to) cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung, liver, and kidney disease, multiple sclerosis, ALS, Alzheimer’s disease, and AIDS. This center focuses in providing relief from the physical symptoms of their disease, especially pain, and also in providing emotional support and therapy for patients (VITAS, n.d). The VITAS health care team is composed of trained health care givers who have the appropriate skills to carry out the specific services of the center. The team is composed of the nurse who assesses and manages pain, and also provides hands-o n care; social workers who provide emotional support and financial assistance to patients; physicians who coordinate with the patient’s primary care physician in the management of pain and of other

Usefulness of the annual report for investment decision making Essay

Usefulness of the annual report for investment decision making purposes - Essay Example Certain investors have gained knowledge in accountancy and they use the figures provided in annual reports before coming up with an investment decision. Others use information that is related to organization’s financial conditions and does not contain figures but only facts to make investment decisions. Annual reports and their structures have changed over time to facilitate both kinds of investors. Now annual reports contain information about profit and loss, cash flows and overview of the finances of organizations. The length of these reports has increased as the required number of details has grown. Annual reports contain statements provided by management (Bartlett 1997). All these kinds of information were not previously a part of annual reports. Investment decisions are not only based on analysis provided by management and directors of an organization; the profit and loss information provided through annual reports is superior while making investment decisions. These statements are highly important for those who are literate in accountancy. Individuals having literacy in accountancy are investment analysts who provide information to investors on how well a company has performed and how well it will perform in future, and through this analysis, investors make their investment de cisions. ... is characteristic of annual reports increased the uncertainty amongst investment decision makers because they had no idea how organizations would perform in future and what initiatives the organization would take to make the company operate successfully in future years. Due to lack of information about future activities, investment decision makers used to be dependant on old data and their confidence in their investment decision used to lack confidence in success. This led to the introduction of management’s statements within annual reports. In these statements management provides insights into what future steps the management is going to take to make the company successful in future. This information helped investors and investment decision makers make investments on the basis of future operations, and these investment decisions lacked uncertainty. For example, during 1996, a study conducted by Abrahamson and Amir (1996) proved that annual reports containing the presidentâ₠¬â„¢s letter are a useful insight for the investor trying to predict future performance of the organization. Similarly, a study conducted by Bryan (1997) states that the management of a company is required to disclose information about future operations through annual accounting reports of their organization, and these disclosures help investors in assessing whether the firm will make profit in future and align investment decisions accordingly. Information that profit and loss statements provide is quite limited, for example: Rogers and Grant (1997) argue that financial statements are limited to providing information regarding only one quarter of a company’s operational period. On the contrary, information provided by management gives insight into a longer period of time including past performance

The Concept of Organizational Culture and Its Importance to Any Essay

The Concept of Organizational Culture and Its Importance to Any Twenty-First Business Organization - Essay Example The researcher states that organizational culture cannot be explained via a rigid definition. It is something that emerges naturally through the conduct of the individuals in an organization and the way they transform themselves.   Change is an integral part of life. Thus businesses are also not excluded from the process of change. Change is the way forward to innovation, achievement and to growth. Managing change is an important task for the managerial personnel in any growth-oriented organization. Experts acknowledge the fact that â€Å"change is a task fraught with complexity and challenge†. Completing the change management process successfully is a challenging process and intense. The simplest starting point is to try and gain a superior understanding of the problems faced by the organization and identify the variables that are at the cause of these problems. The leaders face various kinds of complexities while they tackle organizational change. They are required to â₠¬Å"envision the content of change†, handle the distinctive features of the process of change; collaborate with the tumultuous process that is going on worldwide, adapt with the stunning technological advancements and employ the dynamic workforce intelligently to fulfill the profit maximization objective. Change management deals with the notion of change and the keys to the approaches to managing change. Culture has been regarded as a metaphor for an organization which is innovative and helps in developing new forms of understanding. A metaphor lets one view an entity in the perspective of another. A metaphoric representation tends to hint that we think of an organization as a culture. By taking organizations as a culture (organization ‘is’ a culture) one might understand the activities and orientation of the organization better and the nature, behavior, and performance of people in their organizational lives and positions of decision-making.

Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing - Research Paper Example The study will also include any strengths, weaknesses or gaps in the Literature part of it where a few examples will be provided. A conclusion will be provided at the end of the study. Key Words: Orthopedics, antibiotics, infection. 1.0. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1.1. Clinical Question Does Giving Antibiotics within 1 Hour before Surgical Incision to Pre-Operative Orthopedic Patients Decrease Rate of Infection Compared to Patients Who Do Not Receive Antibiotics within 1 Hour? 1.2. PICO 1.2.1. Problem/Patient Patients who were sampled for this particular study where those with previous ailments and included patients who are allergic to penicillin. Such patients were administered 600mg of clindamycin (Kim et al., 2010). All 317 patients were undergoing various surgical initiatives such as total knee arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty and spine surgery (Jamsen et al., 2010). Before the main intervention was carried out, a number of the patients cited a few concerns regarding the whole process. For instance, if the intervention was going to be successful, what would happen if they did not come out of the surgical process? They were, however, assured of success and this made them rest easy. Some of the characteristics indicated above regarding the patients such as previous ailments or current medications should be considered while searching for evidence. 1.2.2. Intervention A medical intervention is usually the main concern for patients or clients. All patients in the study will be subjected to a surgical ‘time-out’ protocol as a way of preventing wrong-site surgery. The protocol will be carried out in the course of a 7-day period where the patients will be administered prophylactic intravenous antibiotics at least an hour before surgical incision. Anesthesiologists will also routinely administer these antibiotics to the patients before or shortly after induction of anesthesia (Maksimovic et al., 2008). Time interval between administering antibiotics a nd performing the incision is, as a result, of the patients being positioned, prepared and draped, where the longest time interval taken will be in total hip arthroplasty procedures (Gillespie & Walenkamp, 2010). In the course of the intervention, identifiers will also be put in use as a means of authenticating the correct patient together with the correct surgical site/side, including the patient’s name, date of birth, and the surgeon’s initials in the operative area as well as a signed operative consent form (Jamsen et al., 2010). As mentioned earlier, there are those patients with previous medical issues and those without. For those patients with, for instance, a history of penicillin or cephalosporin allergy, the administration of 600mg of clindamycin will be done, while those without any previous medical conditions will be administered 1g of cefazolin (Burke, 2001). Upon completion of these procedures, the time of preoperative antibiotic administration, time of in cision, type of surgery as well as specific antibiotic will be obtained for each of the patients from the time out verification sheets and patient charts, where this information will then be identified (Rosenberg, 2008). The time from antibiotic

International Business Strategy in HR of the Chinese MNCs Dissertation

International Business Strategy in HR of the Chinese MNCs - Dissertation Example As the discussion stresses the MNCs have started dominating the world market and how they manage their personnel on an international scale is considered critical to the success of globalizing strategies. When firms operate across boundaries the organizational culture is secondary to the national culture.From this paper it is clear that most studies in international business focus on the success and failures of MNCs from developed countries in developing and emerging economies. However, in recent times MNCs from emerging economies such as India and China have also been making entry into developed as well as developing nations. The theories of internationalization are based on the MNCs from developed countries. These may not applicable to MNCs from emerging economies as they lack the expertise in best practices. They particularly face issues in HR management due to lack knowledge of cultural integration. This is because the MNCs from emerging markets come from a national, cultural and institutional background that differs from the developed country MNCs. This gives rise to the importance of understanding the cultural context and its contribution in the success and failure of the emerging MNCs.  Since the Chinese MNCs have been venturing overseas with the support of the government, it has been considered essential to evaluate how national cultures can make an impact on the HRM practices. Bunchapattanasakda and Wong (2011) contend that nations with comparative advantage would tend to transfer their home practices to their overseas subsidiaries but those with low comparative advantages may be forced to adopt the overseas practices. Several MNCs in Europe and the US were taken over by Chinese companies such as China Mobile and TCL but they failed to operate the takeovers successfully (Cao & Forrest, 2011). The main reason cited has been the lack of experience to handle the organization due to language and cultural barriers. The Chinese MNCs could not win the suppor t of the stakeholders due to limited global visibility. Networking and guanxi, typical of Chinese culture, did not appear to work in western business environments. Fan, Nyland and Zhu (2009) suggest evaluating the factors that drive the Chinese MNCs to integrate their operations globally. One of the main causes of failures that have emerged is the lack of knowledge in managing human resources by the Chinese managers. Xhang (2003)

Explain the difference between a security vulnerability and an exploit Essay

Explain the difference between a security vulnerability and an exploit - Essay Example Exploits encompass a large range of possible attacks, from HTTP domains designed to remove data or imbed malware on Web servers, to bumper overflow assaults that can cause targeted systems to run random software (Secpoint, 2012). An exploit is a way of stage-managing the vulnerability, in addition to using it to manipulate a system or network. Simply because something has been recognized as a vulnerability does not imply that it has been used to control a system. The incidence of the exploit denotes someone has effectively used that weakness and taken advantage of it. A vulnerability is a fault or flaw found in software and operating systems that hazards try to exploit. Threats are malevolent files or programs that assault a functions or operating systems vulnerability to enter a computer. A vulnerability is basically a weakness, found in a program. Threats occur in many shapes, depending on their approach of attack. From bugs to Trojans, spyware along with bots, threats have developed into complex programs meant to damage computer. Whenever an invader recognizes a security vulnerability in a software program like a firewall system, a DNS server, a web server, a ftp server, a mail server, or other appliances the goal is typically to obtain leveraged admission into the intended system. There are many kinds of security faults. Normally, overflow vulnerabilities control the software appliance to do something that it is not destined to. So as to exploit these weaknesses to gain leveraged rights on the target appliances, a hacker requires writing a portion of source code referred to as â€Å"an exploit†. This will exploit of the recognized security vulnerability and push the software to the edge, breaking it and, in the course of breaking, achieving leveraged entry to the target appliance with the identical privileges as the given curriculum that is being assaulted. Vulnerability-centered detection appliances are markedly higher to previous exploit-centered

Blackboard Student Orientation Essay Example for Free

Blackboard Student Orientation Essay The Blackboard Learning System is the wide-ranging and adaptable electronic-learning software platform built up for educationalists to improve their instruction and learning experience by means of the Internet. Blackboard operates using either Netscape or Internet Explorer. The browser must accommodate both JavaScript and Java. Institutions around the world are now using Blackboard to enhance conventional classroom education and convey superior distance training (Jafari and Sheehan, 2003). The platform has been refined through three years of continual innovation and feedback from its user base. Students can access their courses remotely if they do not have computers at home through their institution’s computer center or at pubic libraries that have a web connection. To access the course, a student must have a university email account. This is usually set up automatically after the student registers for the course in which Blackboard is used. From the orientation, it became clear to me the concept of Blackboard. I know now that the Blackboard Inc. is a company that markets and sells software designed to optimize use of the Internet as a tool for advancing education and learning. It also increases institutions’, faculties’ and students’ right of entry to applicable educational content as well as offer instructive information services. In this way, Blackboard reaches a more extensive base of students, graduates and groups of people. I also learned that Blackboard is an education portal that can pull data from campus information systems (student information system, human resource management system, etc. ) and from the Internet, and unify their presentation to end users following information standards. This way, the Blackboard Learning System positively influences the online education program of educationalists by allowing the customization of their courses using only the needed features that are suitable to their educational needs. The use of the system likewise helps facilitate a shift in the mode of assessment, from summative to formative evaluation. WORK CITED Jafari, A. Sheehan. (2003). Designing Portals: Opportunities and Challenges. Hershey, Pennsylvania: Idea Group, Inc.

Admission Essay Essay Example for Free

Admission Essay Essay As a student who wants to join your school after my graduation, I possess very high skills that will enable me to conquer the opportunities available in the real life scenario and especially in the co curricular activities that I will be involved in. My experiences comprise of a one year internship as a department manager from the year 2007 to 2008 and a presidential out of state academic scholarship. As a new student in your college I dedicate myself to commitment to the rules of the college and promise to further my knowledge as a manager to the best of my ability utilizing all the resources that are available. Prior to winning the presidential scholarship, I decided to turn the further offers down because of my devotion in my academic pursues. Besides my dedication in academics, I am also fond of voluntary work. I love doing this with little supervision and with all the trust from my heart. During my course in high I managed to do a voluntary service with conjunction with the Golf team and the XC team. Through this I gained a lot of experience and also got a chance to understand what it entails doing a voluntary work i. See more: Unemployment problems and solutions essay e. doing some work with all the heart without expecting some compensation. I also love community services. I participated in a community service of teaching tennis lessons in my high school and I did it with a lot of joy like any other person who has received an internship with an NGO. This is because community work is often unofficially witnessed and unrecognized. My motivation for working for the community services is clear. I have been a player of tennis for the better part of my study in high school. Since my proficiency in tennis was proved with a placement for tennis scholarship, with the most reputable institution worldwide, I offer myself to develop positively amidst the challenges and strengths that will come on my way. The community services and voluntary activities that I engaged myself in, to me aid in understanding myself and realizing my dreams. According to me for one to succeed, he needs to be ambitious, curious and eager in getting what he wants.

Role of Clays in Metal Adsorption

Role of Clays in Metal Adsorption â€Å"ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METALS (Fe, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni) WITH SOME AGRICULTURAL SOILS AND CORRELATION TO PHYSICO – CHEMICAL AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS (including XRD, FTIR, Zeta potential, Particle size)† INTRODUCTION Role of Clays in Metal Adsorption Soil is one of the key components for every single terrestric biological system. It gives the supplement bearing environment for vegetation and it is important for exchange of biomass and degradation. Soil is an extremely complex medium, which contains of soil matrix like minerals, organic matter and liquid phases, which connect with one another and ions particles entering the soil system [Ubaet al., 2009]. Soils get contamination due to accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids through discharge from rapidly developing industrial ranges, mine tailings, transfer of high metal squanders, leaded fuel and paints, land use of manures, fertilizers, wastewater system, sewage, pesticides, coal burning deposits, and spillage of petrochemicals [S. Khan 2008]. Heavy power metals constitute a non specific groups of inorganic compound, and most generally found at contaminated sites are lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni) [ GWRTAC 1997]. Soils are more important for heavy metals discharged into environment conditions by previously stated anthropogenic movements and dissimilar to natural contaminants which are oxidized to carbon (IV) oxide by microbial activity, most metals dont experience substance decomposition, and their total fixation in soils holds for a quite long time after their production [D. C. Adriano 2003]. Changes in their chemical structures (speciation) and bioavailability are possible. The toxic metals in soil can be extremely hindering the biodegradation of natural contaminants. Heavy metal contamination to the soil may let to high risk for humans and the biological system through, contaminated of soil, drinking of debased ground water, food chain decreases in the area, use for agricultural production causing food nourishment, and land issues [M. J. McLaughlin 2000]. 1.2 Dominant Types of Clays in Various Types of Soils There are mainly five types of soils, these types of soils are combined with three types of endures such as sand, clay, slit and the rock particles are made up by the soil. Soil Type: Sandy Sandy soil has the largest particles among the different types of soil. It is very dry and rough to touch, because the particles have huge spaces between them, it can’t hold the water because due to large crack the water will drains rapidly. Soil Type: Silty Silty soil has much smaller particles than sandy soil, and it is very fine and smooth to feel. During moistening condition, it is like lathered, silty soil retains water for longer time not like as sandy soil. Soil Type: Clay Clay soil has the smallest fine particles among the three so it has very good quality of water storage. It is sticky to touch while in wet, but it is smooth in dry condition. Then it slowly drains the water and it has a tighter hold on plant nutrients. Clay soil is rich in plant food for their better growth. Soil Type: Peaty Peaty soil is dark brown or black in color. It is soft and easily condensed due to its high water content, and rich in organic matter. Peaty soil is been mount by several years ago due to rapid melting of larva. Peaty contains acidic water, but growers use it to regulate soil chemistry or pH levels as well as an agent of disease control for the soil. Soil Type: Saline Soil Saline soil present in the dry regions and it is usually brackish because of high salt content, known as saline soil; it can cause damage and stall plant growth, hinder germination, and cause difficulties during irrigation. Agricultural Pollution as A Source of Heavy Metal It is more important to identify the sources and status of soil contamination by heavy metals, to take proper treatments to reduce soil contamination and agricultural pollution. (1)Natural source The early origin of heavy metals in soils are the initial materials from which the soils were determined, yet the impact of initial materials are on the total focus and manifestations of metals in soils is adjusted to changing the degrees by pedogenetic methods (Herawati et al., 2000). The regions influenced elegantly by human actions, were heavy metals in the soils are primarily derived from pedogenetic initial materials, and metals collection status was influenced by a few elements for example, soil moisturizes. These components were connected with indigenous clay minerals in the high soil in Al and Fe. (2) Fertilizers and agrochemicals Heavy metals The input of cropland soils, the fertilizers are expanding the concern toward their potential risk to the natural environment. [Lu et al. 1992] reported that the phosphate fertilizers are the major source for trace metals among every inorganic fertilizer, and there should be more attention to add Cd in the phosphate fertilizer. Soils in southern Asian nations have Phosphate necessities, so that histories of phosphate fertilizer is connected with polluting influences (Cd, Cu, As, and Zn), appear to be more noteworthy on these nations [Zarcinas et al., 2004]. Horticultural utilization of pesticides was another source of heavy metals in arable soils from non-contamination. Despite the fact that pesticides containing Cd, Hg and Pb had been forbidden, there were still other elements containing pesticides in presence, particularly copper and zinc. The plant accessible metal substance in the soil shoes the highest amount of Fe and least level of Ni. (3)Wastewater irrigation Waste water irrigation can reduce the water shortage to some extent, but it can also bring some toxic materials, to agricultural soils, especially heavy metals, and cause serious environmental problems. This is particularly a problem in densely populated countries where pressure on irrigation water resources is extremely high [Patel 2005]. Biosolids are increasingly used as soil ameliorants and streams and rivers are the primary source of water for irrigation. (4) Sewage sludge application In spite of the fact that the substance of toxic metals in sewage sludge had been notably decreased, and the greater part of them were below the national release standard of contaminations for civil wastewater treatment plants, because of the immense increment in the measure of wastewater treated, the sewage are mean increasing rapidly. In the agriculture areas of Hyderabad, Pakistan, researchers concentrating on the impact of long time wastewater sludge on the concentrations of heavy metals in soil irrigated with fresh canal water (SIFW) and soil irrigated with waste water (SIDWS) are as take after: the mean concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd are 11.2, 105, 21.1 and 1.6 mg kg-1, in soil of SIFW and 32.2, 209, 67.4 and 4.3 mg kg-1 in soil of SIDWS. The absorption of metals in the soil of SIDWS is higher than in SIFW. The high rate of Cd and Cr in SIDWS, are credited into waste matter from small commercial industries (tanneries and batteries) arranged in domestic area (Jamali et al., 2007). Factors Governing Adsorption – Desorption in Soil The adsorption-desorption phenomena of pesticides in soils are of incredible significance from the environment. Pesticide action influences different methodologies like transport, volatilization and bioaccumulation, which pressure the compounds in the soil [M. Kumar 2006]. The clay and the organic matter content inclined the adsorption-desorption process considerably. Adsorption and desorption factors governs the compost soil had shown the maximum adsorption capacity. In order, adsorption capacities of various soils were compost soil, clayey soil, red soil, and sandy soil. Adsorption will increase the organic matter content of the soils. Adsorption was exothermic in nature. Clay content and organic matter played a significant role in pesticide adsorption and desorption processes. The physical phenomenon increases in the organic matter and clay content of the soils. Desorption process of pesticides is also important since it determines the potential mobility of pesticides in soil [Ram a Krishna 2008]. 1.5. Types of Soils in India There are mainly six types of soils in India and the Soil is classified according by the factors on the basis of pH, depth, colour, productivity, texture and process of formation [Raychaudhari 1963]. 1. Alluvial Soils 2. Black Soils 3. Red Soils 4. Laterite Soils 5. Mountain Soils 6. Desert Soils Alluvial Soils It is the most important type of soil found in India covering about 40 per cent of the total land area. These are formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers. They are found in Great Northern plain, Tapti and lower valleys of Narmada and Northern Gujarat. These soils are renewed every year; it is very fertile and contributes the largest share of agricultural wealth. This soil supports almost half of the Indian population. The fertility of the alluvial soil varies from place to place. The alluvial soils contain adequate potash, phosphoric acid and lime. They are generally deficient in organic and nitrogenous contents. The fine particles of sediment, sand and clay are called as alluvium. The alluvial soil can be classified into two types such as old alluvium, additionally called bangar, and new alluvium, called khadar. The new alluvium is deposited in the flood plains and deltas. These areas are flooded almost every year. khadar soil is sandy and light in colour Khaddar soil is more fertile The old alluvium is found on the higher side (i.e. about 25 meters) of the river valleys. The bhangar soil is clayey and dark. The bhangar soil is less fertile Black Soils The black soil is mostly called as regur; it is derived from Telugu word reguda. It is moreover called as Black Cotton Soil, whereas cotton is the most essential product developed in this soil. The black soil has been formed by thousands of years prior, because of the hardening of volcanic lava. Black soil is mostly found thought over Deccan Lava areas which include parts of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It comprises of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate Lime, Iron, Magnesium furthermore Potash however needs in Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Organic matter. The black soil is made up of extremely fine clay material and it is well-known for its capacity to hold moisture. Red Soil The red soil is formed due to weathering of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Its redness is because of iron content. At the point when iron substance is low it is yellow or cocoa colour. The red soil occupies around 10% area of India, for the most part in the south-eastern piece of the Peninsular India. The red soil is found in Tamil Nadu, southeast Maharashtra, eastern parts of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand. This red soil is rich in potash, yet poor in lime, nitrogen and phosphate. 4. Laterite Soil Laterite has been derived from a Latin word means ‘brick’. The Laterite soil is formed under conditions of high temperature and heavy rainfall with wet and dry conditions. The Laterite soil is in red colour and made out of little mud and much rock of red sandstones. The Laterite soil is broadly spread in India and is basically found on the summits of the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Rajmahal Hills, Vindhyas, Satpuras and Malwa level. They are generally found in Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and sloping ranges of Assam and Orissa. Laterite soil is generally poor in lime and lacking in nitrogen and the phosphate substance are high. Mountain Soils The mountain soil is usually found on the hill slopes covered with forests. It is formed as a result of the accumulation of organic matter derived from forest growth. This soil is rich in humus, but poor in potash, lime and phosphorus. They are found in Himalayan areas and indicated by altitude. The north-facing slopes generally support soil cover. Aside from the Himalayan region, this soil is also found in the Western and Eastern Ghats and in some parts of the Peninsular India. The mountain soil is sandy with rock and is permeable. Desert Soils In desert area, the soils are not well developed. The desert soil is found generally in the dry and semi-dry areas, getting less than 50 cm of yearly rainfall. The desert soil has sand (90 to 95 every penny) and clay (5 to 10 every penny). Such areas are generally found in Rajasthan and the adjoining regions of Haryana and Punjab. The Rann of Kachchh in Gujarat is an expansion of this region. These soils are generally sandy and insufficient in organic matter. In a few regions this soil has high rate of solvent salts, yet needs in organic matter. 1.6 Soils in Andhra Pradesh The circumstance has three main physiographic regions such as the coastal plain, Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats. The coastal plain is also known as the Andhra region, it runs almost the entire length of the state and it is surrounded by several rivers, flowing from west to east through the hills into the bay. The deltas are formed by most important rivers—the Godavari and the Krishna—build the central part of the plains, an area of fertile alluvial soil [Govinda Rajan 1971]. Andhra Pradesh is one of the major producers of rice in the country and one of the best in producing additional cash crops too. The types of soil, which are usually found in Andhra Pradesh, are: Red soil, alluvial soil, Black soil, Saline soil, Laterite soil, and Peaty soil. Northern Black Soils (NBS) The black soils situated in the districts of Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar East and West Godavari constitutes the Northern Black soils. Central Black Soils (CBS) The black soils are obtainable in Krishna and Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh as in the position of central region. Southern Black Soils (SBS) The black soils are present in Nellore districts and Prakasam nearer to the coast from the Southern black soils. Southern Light Soils (SLS) The light soils existing in Prakasam and Nellore districts constitute the southern light soils (SLS). Northern Light Soils (NLS) The light soils existing from East and West Godavari and parts of Khammam districts constitute the Northern light soils (NLS). These Light soils mostly exist in the Vijayanagaram district of Andhra Pradesh.

Essay --

Before the conquest of Gaul consulship was yet to be decided as the senate were being secured by massive bribery from Marcus Bibulous as a part of an anti- caesarean election although failed to prevent Caesars election. Caesar had than succeeded in organising an irresistible coalition of political bosses which included (Pompey and Crassus) which became the first triumvirate. The alliance was affectively sealed by Pompey marrying Caesars only child Julia. The Gallic war (58-51 BC) was the conflict in which Julius Caesar emerged as a great military leader after an earlier career as a politician. A conflict that began with an attempt to preserve stability on the borders of Roman province Transalpine Gaul soon turned into a war of conquest. Only after putting down three major Gallic revolts. Caesar described Gaul as being split into three sections â€Å"Omniun Gallo in tres partes divisa est†- Commentarri de Bello Gallico. The north east of the country was populated by the Belgae, the centre of the country was inhabited by the Celts and the area beyond the Garonne River was populated by the Aquitani. As Gaul was split up Caesar effectively able to divide and conquer. Rome’s new province was officially called Transalpine Gaul to distinguish it from Cisalpine Gaul in northern Italy. Transalpine Gaul governed separately from Cisalpine Gaul but in 59 BC the governor of Transalpine Gaul died and the province was assigned to Caesar. Cisalpine Gaul also owned by Caesar gave him a military recruiting ground which gave Caesar a springboard for the conquest beyond Romeâ₠¬â„¢s North West frontier. In 58 BC Rome’s northwest frontier, ran from the Alps down the left bank of the upper Rhone River to Pyrenees, skirting the south eastern foot of the Cevennes.... ...and gave the name for the month July. Although it was said the invasions were pre-emptive it is believed they were fought primarily to boost Caesars political career and pay of his massive debts. His achievements over the defeat of Gaul regardless still amazing as the Romans didn’t possess any great superiority in the military equipment over the north European barbarians. The Gallic Calvary was far superior to Rome but Rome’s military superiority lay in its master of strategy in tactics, discipline and military engineering. In Caesars mind his conquest of Gaul was probably carried out as a means to his ultimate end. He was acquiring the military manpower; the plunder and the prestige that he needed to secure a freehand for the prosecution of the task of reorganizing the roman state and the rest of the Greco- Roman world. â€Å"I came, I saw, I conquered†- Julius Caesar.

Ireland Trip :: essays research papers

The Ireland Trip   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was fifteen I was with my best friend when we encountered funny experience when we overslept for our first tour of The Taste of Ireland. I stayed over at Ryan’s house. Ryan, my best friend since I was six, and me were leaving fro Ireland the next morning and we were so excited that we slept only two hours all night. The next morning we woke up and got all of our stuff put into his mom’s car. We then told her we’re ready, so we jumped into the car and headed for the Huntington Tri-State Airport.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once we arrived we jumped out of the car and got our luggage checked in. At the point I was a little nervous because I had never flown in an airplane. We finally make it on the airplane and we were off to Pittsburgh’s Airport. Once we arrived we stepped into the airport and it was huge. No one in the group of fifteen had been in the airport and didn’t know where to go except Mr. Shy, the leader of the group. Our next plane was leaving in fifteen minutes so Mr. Shy had to hurry and get all of us kids together so that we could get on the other side of the airport to catch out next flight. While we were walking through the airport, Ryan asked me, â€Å"If I liked flying yet.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I asked, â€Å"Why is that?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He replied, â€Å"This plane is a monster compared to the last one.† We stepped on the plane and I looked towards the back and it looked like there were four hundred seats on the plane compared to the last one, which held only twenty passengers. We got seated, and a few minutes later we started to take off. As we were taking off unlike the crop duster, this plane made me feel like I was implanted in the seats because the plane took off so fast. I was so excited because I was flying on this monster plane. The whole time we were in flight I was watching out the window at the ground where there weren’t clouds below us. Not feeling like we had been on the plane for very long, we arrived in New York to catch our next flight. Once we arrived we went to the section of the airport where our plane is leaving.

He Says, She Says: A Synthesis Essay -- Essays Papers

He Says, She Says: A Synthesis Communication between men and women is a constant comparison of differing and many times opposite forms of reasoning. But should these differences hinder our ability to communicate with the opposite sex? There are many differing opinions concerning this topic. While trying to understand our differences we have lost site of the fact that somewhere in our conflicting thought patterns and methods of communication is the challenge and intrigue that attracts us to the opposite sex. Rather than seeing our communication diversities as obstacles we should consider them challenges that draw and keep our attention. You do not need to be an expert on human behavior to appreciate gender classified language and its effects on male female relationships, however many experts have attempted to tackle the issue. Deborah Tannen is the author of several books concerning inter-gender relations and addresses the issue of differing reasoning resulting in misunderstanding. Tannen describes differences between male and female communication skills as a series of predetermined thought patterns. She states that men and women simply have a different way of going about communication. She believes that different ways of communicating stem from differing desired results of the conversation at hand. A married couple was in a car when the wife turned to her husband and asked, â€Å"Would you like to stop for a coffee?† â€Å"No, thanks,† he answered truthfully. So they didn’t stop. The result? The wife, who had indeed wanted to stop, became annoyed because she felt her preference had not been considered. The husband, seeing his wife was angry, became frustrate. Why didn’t she just say what she wanted? (Tannen p... ... the office. These anecdotes are entirely anti-female based and sound more like what a paranoid feminist might think than what actually goes through the minds of men and women alike in the workplace. However Josefowitz accurately portrays the inevitable presence of separation of thought patterns between men and women. As much as the problems associated with inter-gender communications are a result of differing ways of expression, so are they results of differing ways of comprehension. So before we point a finger at the opposite sex we must first examine our own. Think not of our communicative troubles as deterrents, but rather as attractions and representations of our exceptional differences. Works Cited - Tannen, Deborah. â€Å"Can’t we Talk?† A Meeting of Minds. - Turner, Robin. â€Å"Male Logic and Woman’s Intuition†. A Meeting of Minds.

Colosseum: Roman Society Essay

The colosseum was built to serve the emperors wants and needs to the members of society and it was more than just gladiator combat! The Purpose of the colosseum was to portray the dominance and power of Rome, highlight the social class/hierarchy of roman society, reinforcing the legal functions that applied the roman society, entertainment and social interactions between members of society, education, for political reasons and for religious purposes. Gladiators were entertaining and brave warriors as they had a large appeal to the audience, Even though gladiators came from the lowest class of Roman society. The gladiators fighting were customised differently so each individual had a gladiator to go for. These Gladiators were named and perceived different and they were Murmillion this gladiator was halfly armed swordsman and was a male sea creature called a mermaid. There was Retiarius Who was armed like a fisherman, Thracian a barbarian warrior, Samnite an old enemy and Secutor the most heavily armed with the heaviest body due to armor, but there was more to the colosseum than just gladiator combat. These characters represented the enemies of Rome as Rome was victories at the time and this reinforces the victory of the roman society. The colosseum portrays the power of Rome’s technology, wealth and military powers as they had the ability to build such a great structure using lime stone, cement, marble, and brick which also indicates that they had the population and man power needed to construct new things. The colosseum also highlights the technology the Roman society had by building such a huge structure not only in width but in height in contrast to other countries. This is evident as in other countries the amphitheatres were made from wood and would eventually break down. The hypogeum even reveals the power of the technology as there were elevators to escalate the fighters, animals or humans. Having conflicts within colosseum highlights there military power as it outline the different types of weapons it had in relation to other nations. The power of Rome was revealed as the building of the colosseum is still standing today. Inside the massive Colosseum there were hierarchical seating structures that individuals will sit in which outlined what type of citizens they were in the Roman society highlighting there social class. There were 76 entrance gates that will lead you to were you would sit. The unnumbered gates were special as only senators would have access to which will lead them to the best view closest to the arena then behind them in the other rows were the equestrians and further behind ordinary citizens and then regulated people but the emperors the highest of the social class were opposite each other next to the senators in there own box. The closer you are to the arena the more acceptable and appreciated you were in roman society as it portrays the social class you belonged in. The people fighting in the arena were criminals as they had the lowest reputation. This could have been an educational aspect as the poorer individuals of the roman society will learn new techniques in hunting and fighting which probably has never accompanied there attributes before as they never had the wealth and the eligibility to learn. This highlights how the poorer individuals of Roman society watching the games would have learnt new techniques and hunting skills from watching the events at the time. As mentioned the people fighting were criminals and for them to be a criminals they must have broken or disobeyed the law or have committed a crime such as murder and therefore they are sent out in the arena forced the fight as to reinforce the law to the people that want to disobey or break the law of Romanian society. The colosseum was also used as a legal function to Romanian society as a consequence and judgment to people that want disobey the legal system. Sport in Rome was there entertainment but they had very little compared to today’s society without television soccer balls and computers. The Roman society had entertainment the hard way as there entertainment was fighting until death and gladiator combat. In other words the colosseum was built in order for entertainment which practically everyone in the society needed. Gladiators were a source of entertainment so to were animals like a hippopotamus, elephant dogs and other vicious animals like lions. These animals or competitors will access the area through the hypogeum and out from the elevator. Animals were left to starve and therefore it will lead to a death battle which will excite the Rome society. As well as it being entertaining it also had a purpose of getting people socially interacting as individuals will compete and talk to people in there social class about the fights. The emperor could have built the colosseum possibly for financial reasons as there was merchandises being available for consumption. Individuals in the coloseum watching the game may get paranoid from the sun and start fights with other people. Food and entertainment was issued to calm and distract individuals from trouble making. The colosseum had bollards as they looked like gravestone things which were used for crowd control and people up to fifty five thousand could leave in half an hour. The colosseum was built by the emperor for entertainment but for also for political reasons. During the time of when the colosseum was built there was political corruption and trouble going on and the colosseum was built to get the roman people’s thinking away from corruption and being entertained by events being held in the colosseum. The colosseum had a religious purpose which was portrayed through the statues outside the colosseum. All the above leads to the articulation of the colosseum serving a purpose more than just gladiator combats. The above demonstrates the other purposes that lead to the creation of the colosseum like to portray the dominance and power of Rome, highlight the social class/hierarchy of roman society, reinforcing the legal functions that applied the roman society, entertainment and social interactions between members of society, education, for political reasons and for religious purposes.

System integration

>The term integration is inserted in technical papers, e-mail messages, correspondence, proposals, and even causal conversations. After many years of project work, and many misunderstandings and failed meetings and workshops, it can only be stated that the word has multiple and misunderstood meanings. For technical papers (research and trade), the term must be provided with context, or it is impossible to have a meaningful conversation. Next, multiple alternative definitions (that are valid in the literature for the appropriate context) are presented and explained in some detail.Research limitations/implications – The paper is not exhaustive, since new definitions of integration may exist or may emerge. Originality/value – The main contribution of the paper is that it yields clarity on a key term that is frequently used in information systems research. The paper is useful to any researchers or practitioners who are focused on enterprise system implementation. Keywords I ntegration, Interface management, Applications, Information systems, Research Paper type General review Introduction and importance Integration is a common term in the enterprise systems literature.Seldom does a meeting occur when the word is not used multiple times and often within quite technical contexts. Unfortunately, our experience is that individuals often have a different understanding of the meaning of the word. Loosely speaking, there is a general consensus that integration concerns making applications work together that were never intended to work together by passing information through some form of interface. This is certainly part of the context, but this paper argues that there is more to be said.Since the earliest days of computing, the term â€Å"integration† has been seed in both the trade and academic literature to describe a process, a condition, a system, and an end-state. Given that these competing labels have very different meanings, their indiscriminate usage is often obscure and invites confusion. For example, a sloppy conflation of process and condition encourages circular definitions that possess little explanatory power. Consider the following advertisement (Figure 1) from the Oracle Corporation and the corresponding quote from the Oracle CEO, Larry Ellison.Figure 1 is clearly an appeal for a type of integration that we call â€Å"Big l,† having all relevant data aligned with a ingle data model and stored only once. The implication is that you can place all of your data for the set of business processes listed in the middle column of Figure 1 inside of the Oracle E-Business Suite and significantly reduce total cost of ownership (TCO). In fact, the advertisement claims that Oracle saved over $1 billion USED per year by implementing Big l.And also, there are the problems with complexity and managing scope integrity across multiple data sources (Gulled and Summer, 2004). Consider Figure 2 from an unnamed company. Figure 2 shows a situation that is described in the literature as â€Å"systems integration;† . E. The interfacing of systems together so they can pass information across a complex technology landscape. We call this type of integration a form of â€Å"Little I,† and we note that this form of Little I (point-to-point interfaces) is an expensive proposition.Data must be constantly harmonize and cleansed across multiple data sources, and any changes to one system can lead to complex and costly re-testing or even re-design and coding of interfaces. Clearly, we have presented two extremes, and by and large both have been rejected by large organizations world wide. Most organizations do not want to include all of their data in one application (e. G. Oracle, SAP, Microsoft, etc. ) for a number of different reasons, but at the same time, no one wants the problems that are associated with implementations like that shown in Figure 2.There are other options. In fact there are many options , and that is the point of this paper. All of the options (including the two above) are called integration. So what is integration? As one might guess, it depends on the context, and the usage must be qualified. Big I may not achievable, and it may not even be appropriate. If Little I is appropriate, what type of Little I is appropriate, given the situation and the state of 7 Figure 2. Interfacing systems components to define an enterprise solution emerging technologies?This paper addresses those questions, and it also categorizes the most used forms of Little I in the context of enterprise system implementation. This categorization and associated discussion is essential, or it is impossible to have a meaningful discourse about application integration. Integration – Big I To establish a baseline, the following definition is proposed for integration. Integration (Big l) – integration implies that all relevant data for a particular bounded and closed set of business proc esses is processed in the same software application.Updates in one application module or component are reflected throughout the business process logic, with no complex external interfacing. Data are stored once, and it is instantaneously shared by all business processes that are enabled by the software application. This is a rather comprehensive and restrictive definition that revives memories of first generation enterprise resource planning (ERP). The business process implications of Big I are discussed in some detail by Gulled and Summer (2003).To preserve clarity throughout this paper, the above definition will always be referred to as â€Å"Big l. † Big I is definitely the goal of management, especially for mundane business processes. This implies â€Å"one source of truth† for those business processes that are enabled by core ERP solutions. The concept is simple: if all data are stored once and shared, then integrity issues are less likely to occur. The TCO is sig nificantly less, since interfaces across application components are not required. Furthermore, complexity is significantly reduced. MEDS 8 Figure 3 shows how Big I relates to Little I for a simple example related to US Army Logistics. In this example, Army Logistics processes are scoped with the SAP solution as Big l; I. E. There is no interfacing across the SAP components. However, some of the logistics business processes flow outside of the Army. In this case, we indicate the transportation processes that are part of the end-to-end logistics business processes, but they fall outside of the Army, and they are managed by the US Transportation Command (TRANSOM).The systems that support this segment of the end-to-end process are not SAP, and they are not even owned by the army. This is a classical composite application[3] and some form of Little I is must be implemented in order to preserve the integrity of the business process logic[4]. Figure 3, even though a simple picture, shows m uch about integration. First, it suggests that large and complex organizations are unlikely to place all of their business processes in a single application.While assertions of Figure 1 are accurate, there are at least two reasons why single instance ERP will not occur in most firms: (1) he internet opened more options for Little I; and (2) the culture and control of the internal and external system integration communities will not allow such consolidation. Like it or not, given the current state of technology, we are going to have to live with is a mixture of Big I and Little I, at least as long as the current trends continue.The reality of this situation is reinforced by the fact that the larger software providers are â€Å"opening† their products and making them more flexible for mix and match Figure 3. An example of Big I and Little I in the same enterprise opportunities with Little I. This is evidenced by such products as the Oracle Data Hubs and SAP Interweave technolog ies. While it is true, Just as Figure 1 shows, that the TCO could be reduced by moving to Big l, most organizations do not have the flexibility nor the desire to do that. However, this does not mean that Big I is dead.There will always be pockets of Big l; connected by Little I, to other pockets of Big l. This is not a technical assertion, but is directly related to common sense. For example, one would never â€Å"rip† a product like SAP core ERP apart and then interface it back together again. This is self inflicted main, and it can be avoided by Just implementing the product the way it was intended to be implemented[5]. Preserve the integrity of the product by implementing Big I whenever possible, and use Little I to include those components that cannot be included in the integration domain.One would never dream of separating financial from materials in an SAP implementation, and then interface it back together again. Or even worse, it makes even less sense to stand up inde pendent SAP solutions in different divisions of a company, operating as a family or fiefdom, with the absence of an enterprise orientation. We will revisit implementation options later, but before doing that, we must further explore the options for Little I. The choice of a particular little I technology has significant implications for the types of mix and match options that are available for consideration.Integration (Little I) As previously mentioned, all forms of Little I are some form of interfacing, even though they are loosely called â€Å"system integration. † Much has been written on the subject, so we only focus on those types of Little I that are most relevant for the implementation of enterprise systems: point-to-point integration; database-to-database integration; data warehouse integration; enterprise application integration (EAI); application server integration; and business-to-business (BIB) integration.Point-to-point integration This is the most expensive for m of integration. Point-to-point integration is the pair wise development of interfaces among systems. The data model of the target and source system are known, and someone (e. G. A system integrator) develops the code for passing information back and forth. Sometimes accelerator products are used, a good example being the IBM Miseries of middleware products that are now included as a part of Webster. Miseries does require writing code at both the source and target system.The approach to point-to-point integration is well known, most frequently involving changing both applications to use a middleware layer, by rewriting the transaction handling code to communicate across the two applications. The traditional model of interaction is through remote function calls. The largest problem with point-to-point integration is shown in Figure 4, a situation that Schafer (2002) attributes to a customer situation. 9 10 Figure 4. Example of point-to-point integration As the number of interfaced c omponents is increased, the number of interfaces to be maintained increases dramatically.The TCO likewise increases. As a real example consider the financial interfaces to a Navy SAP solution that is shown in Figure 5[6]. Figure 5 is a good example of the previously mentioned case that can arise when financial are separated from materials or assets in an enterprise solution and then must be interfaced back to the ERP product, violating the integrity of the solution. While Figure 5 is reality and could not be easily avoided, the SAP product was never intended to be implemented in this way. The integrity of the product is violated by destroying the Big I that is engineered into the product.For all of the reasons previously mentioned, point-to-point integration should be avoided and only be used when there are no other options. Database-to-database integration This form of Little I, requires the sharing of information at the database level; hence, providing interoperable applications. The basic replication solution leverages features built into many databases to move information between databases as long as they maintain the same schema information on all sources and targets. There are companies that provide middleware to accelerate this process.Database and replication software are provided by companies such as Pervasive Integration Architect and Denominator's Constellate Hub that permit moving information among many different database products with different schema. Figure 6 shows the conceptual layout for this form of Little I. While this integration procedure may work well for database applications, it does not work so well for enterprise applications. Most enterprise applications have 11 Figure 5. From defense financial and accounting services to the US Navy Pilot SAP implementations Figure 6.Conceptual layout for database-to-database 12 multi-tiered architectures, where even though the applications reside at a separate tier, the business process logic is â €Å"bound† to the master data. So, if one simply passes information at the database level, it is easy to create data integrity problems. Enterprise software vendors typically publish application program interfaces (Apish) that allow interfacing at the application level, and it is best to use these Apish. If you update the database without using the Apish, then you are violating the Big I that is engineered into the product, and integrity problems are a likely result.See that Anonymous (1999) article in enterprise development where some of these difficulties are discussed within the context of interfacing with SAP's R/3 product. For enterprise implementations, this form of Little I should be avoided. Data warehouse integration This form of Little I is similar to database-to-database integration, but instead of replicating data across various databases, a single Martial database† is used to map the data from any number of physical databases, which can be various brands, m odels, or schema.In other words, a new data warehouse is created, and information is aggregated from a number of sources, where it may be analyzed or used for report generation. The effectiveness of this approach depends on the sophistication of the tools that are used and the quality of the data that is pulled from the various sources. Once the data are aggregated, reporting is straight forward; however, if business process logic must be applied to the aggregated data, then that logic must be created at the data warehouse level.The basic layout for data warehouse integration is shown in Figure 7. Figure 7. Conceptual view of data arouses integration If the integration is at the database level, the same problems associated with database-to-database integration that were mentioned above still apply. If the integration is at the application level, then data warehouse integration is similar to point-to-point integration, and the problems with that approach also apply. This form of inte gration is quite popular, even though it is expensive to maintain.The reason that data warehouse integration is popular, is that it allows all parties involved to maintain their individual stove-piped environments while sharing selective data in a auteur environment. In short, one is trading Big I for autonomy. An example of a large data warehouse integration effort in the US Army is shown in Figure 8. The logistics integrated database (LIDS) contains aggregates information from many stand-alone systems, with the objective of providing enterprise-level analytics. As the fugue indicates, the input data are aggregated from many sources, and output data are pushed to many sources.Constant cleansing and harmonistic is required in order to avoid integrity problems. Many enterprise solutions, like those from SAP and Oracle, use data warehouse lotions for reporting and enterprise analytics. However, this static view of enterprise data are not the same as Big l. Even if the concept is exten ded to include a federated query capability with the data warehouse being a virtual repository of metadata, this is still no substitute for Big l. However, the big problem, as previously mentioned, is the maintaining of business process logic at the data warehouse level.While this option preserves organizational autonomy, it is indeed costly. The data that are pushed into the warehouse must be constantly monitored for quality, and NY changes in any one of the target or source systems create significant testing and/ or additional coding problems. 13 Figure 8. A conceptual view of the LIDS 14 Figure 9. Hub and spoke architecture for enterprise application integration Enterprise application integration EAI is the sharing of data and business process logic across hetero/homogeneous instances through message-oriented-middleware (MOM). EAI may be managed by packaged vendors (e. . SAP and Oracle) or through solutions provided by third party vendors (e. G. MM, Webmasters, etc. ). EAI is som etimes called application-centric interfacing. EAI is used to connect multiple systems at the application or database levels, using a form of middleware that is sometimes called a broker. The middleware moves information in and out of multiple systems, using pre-engineered â€Å"connectors. † The connectors are a source of competitive advantage for EAI software providers, because if a connector already exists for the target and source application, the cost of interface development can be reduced.The problems associated with point-to-point integration are reduced by adopting a hub and spoke model for sharing information. The EAI Middleware allows one to rite a single interface between each application and the middleware, instead of individually connecting each application to every other application. An example of a hub and spoke architecture is shown in Figure 9. Once the information is extracted, it is sent to a central server using some sort of messaging system, where the in formation is processed and routed to the target system.If there is a gap in required business process logic, the logic can be created on the central server for execution. In theory, any-to-any document swap is possible, considering the business process logic in the source and target systems. Using â€Å"connectors,† the EAI software processes messages from packaged applications, databases, and custom applications using a queuing engine. When an event occurs (e. G. A transaction in an ERP package or a database table update), a message is published to the queue about the event.Subscribers to queue access the event envelope, analyze the content, and if it is intended for processing in the target system, the envelope contains everything necessary for recreating the event in the target system. The queuing engine ensures that all events are processed in the correct sequence, ensuring transactional integrity. Many companies provide pre-packaged EAI solutions, and the market is extre mely competitive. The hub and spoke model using connectors has been operational for many years, and the products have reached a mature level.However, we note that EAI is still interfacing, and while this is a significant improvement over point-to-point integration, EAI can be costly to implement and costly to maintain. The main benefits flow from being able to use â€Å"partially configured† connectors, while leverage industry partnerships which yield certified interfaces. Tremendous consolidation has occurred n recent years in companies that provide EAI solutions as the larger software providers have moved in to provide EAI solutions that interact with their Big I products.For example, SAP now supports EAI as part of its Interweave[7] solution, where previously SAP had used third party providers like IBM and Webmasters to provide EAI capabilities. It is also important to note that EAI is typically used inside the enterprise, as opposed to across the enterprise. For this reas on EAI is sometimes called application-centric interfacing. The objective is to interfaces processes and share data within the enterprise. The inter-enterprise model falls under a class of solutions that are called Business-to-Business commerce, and this form of interfacing will be discussed in a later section.Application server integration This is the most sophisticated form of Little I that is discussed in this paper. Think of application server integration as the creation of a single, centralized application (logical or physical) that can provide a common set of services to any number of other remote applications. These â€Å"services† are common business objects that are shared across enterprise applications. The sharing and reuse of services is the goal of distributed objects and applications servers.Application server integration enables the enterprise by sharing services across the enterprise. The concept of application server integration is shown in Figure 10. Modern systems invoke shared objects to share business logic and interact with resources (such as databases, ERP systems, or queues). In modern ERP systems these shared objects may be more highly aggregated as â€Å"wrapped† transactions. For example, when configuring the SAP solution, one aligns transactions with process steps. A process step could be associated with one or more transactions.If the transactions associated with a process step are bundled together and â€Å"wrapped† as a web service, then they may be shared across other SAP and non-SAP components. SAP calls this aggregated object an â€Å"Enterprise Service,† and it is the basis of SAP's Enterprise Services Architecture (SAP GAG, 2004). Application integration occurs through the sharing of business logic, as well as through the back-end integration of many different applications and resources. The application server â€Å"binds† the data from a relational or relational-object database to he commo n shared objects.The main advantage of application server integration is that 15 16 Figure 10. Application server integration concept the interfaced applications or components are tightly coupled to each other by sharing methods. By our assessment, application server integration is Little I, but given the limits of current technology it is the best approximation that we can provide to Big l. This is because the data integrity checks and business logic bound to the objects are always shared, and therefore, never circumvented. The SAP example is not unique. Most of the major software vendors have a similar tragedy.For example, Figure 11 shows the Oracle strategy for application server integration. The key component of Figure 11 for our discussion is in the right-center of the figure. The Oracle Application Server manages the shared objects and during runtime â€Å"Top Link manages persistence between Java objects and database tables. † At the conceptual level the integration ap proaches pursued by Oracle and SAP are similar. The widely accepted disadvantage of using this application server integration is that significant changes may have to be made to all source and target applications to

Human Interest

The speaker’s split feelings reflected in the broken form of the sonnet in â€Å"Human Interest† In â€Å"Human Interest† the speaker has split feelings about his dead girlfriend, which are reflected in the form of the poem. The reader can see feelings of love, regret and grief and on the contrary feelings of hate and anger. The break between those divided feelings is visible in the broken form of the sonnet. The poem represents a broken form of the original Petrarchan sonnet. Firstly looking at the form of the poem the reader sees that there are 14 lines what indicates that he is looking at a sonnet.The rhyme scheme is identical with the typical rhyme scheme of the sonnet as abbaabba cdcdcd. Moreover there are 4 stanzas as in the sonnet, but the way the stanzas are constructed questions the thought of it being a typical one: In a sonnet there are 4 lines in the first stanza, 4 in the second and in each following stanza 3 lines. In â€Å"Human Interest† th ere is the scheme 4343. In other words there is an untypical break between line 7 and 8, the poem is punctiliously tore apart at that point. In different parts of the poem it is visible that the speaker has divided feelings.His feelings are turning over from hate and anger to love, grief and regret. The former is for instance illustrated in ‘I slogged my guts out for her’ (line 5). That sentence creates the impression of the speaker reproaching his dead girlfriend. It shows his disappointment because it seems like nothing he had done for her would have been worth it, all he got was her unfaithfulness and cheating. The use of the strong word ? slogged? reinforces that effect. To put it another way, it seems like he tries to legitimate his deed.In contrast to that aspect of legitimating his deed, the reader is able to see some expression of regret in line 12ff. where the speaker says ‘When I think about her now, I near choke / with grief. ’. It shows that he suffers, he ‘near choke’ and how sad he is about her not being there anymore. As a result the speaker expresses different feelings that do not fit together, he has thoughts of hate and shortly after he seems to be in love and sad about his deed. In addition it is to say that those split feelings are not only expressed in the words but are also visible in the form of the poem.The change of the speaker’s feelings happens between line 7 and 8. The speaker tilts over from ‘She stank of deceit. ‘ (line 7) to ‘I loved her. ‘ (line 8). The former is absolutely an expression of scorn, reinforced by the word ‘stank‘. There is a crack to the following expression of love. It behaves in exactly the same way with the form of the poem at that point: As already mentioned there is an untypical break between line 7 and 8, where the form of the sonnet is punctiliously tore apart.That split of the speaker’s feelings is exactly at the same point where the poem breaks the form of the sonnet apart. To sum up, the speaker’s feelings are visible aside from different parts of the poem in its form. There are a lot of negative feelings of hate and anger expressed in the first part of this poem, which turn over in line 8 to feelings of love. That break of feelings also demonstrates the broken form of the sonnet. (597 words)